Cres Huang
Despite our progress, predicting the hazardous activities of lithosphere has been a long endeavor. The issue is, Earth's gravity is the inward force of keeping all thing tight to maintain it's spherical shape. Force of tectonic motion has to fight against the persisting gravity to push the crust from ocean floor to the top of mountain ranges. However, gravity can not be a pulling force, or tidal drag, of seismic activities. It is no attraction force has been shown by falling body experiments. I don't believe the mantle convection can be the driving force. Instead, it is driven by gravity and centrifugal forces. Hot mantle can not raise without the gravity or centrifugal force to provide ascending buoyancy. And, cool mantle will not sink without the gravity. It is the same principle of hot air does not raise and cold air does not sink in zero gravity. Gravity force makes denser elements sink and lighter ones raise. On the other hand, centrifugal force works in opposite manner. It creates perpendicular antigravity force away from the axle. The centrifugal force creates a clear divide of atmospheric and ocean circulations around the equator. Despite the different viscosities of air, ocean, mantel, and crust. The underlaying fluid dynamic is likely be the same. I would say Earth is also a centrifuge. The force of driving the atmospheric and ocean circulation has the same effect on mental and crust. I believe it is the centrifugal force making the Earth oblate spheroid. The uneven centrifugal force combined with the gravity compression made the main driving force of waving mantle along with crust, water and air. This preliminary is only an open proposal for further study from the view of mantle/crust waves. The added mass and energy of Solar particles and momentum could impact the crust. Like kneading Earth dough, the magnitude could be larger than we think by far. Further study is recommended.
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