Helen G. Chapin
There are several ways to classify newspapers. In Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press, 1996), I placed newspapers within four major categories: establishment, opposition (or alternative), official, and independent. Establishment papers represent the mainstream or dominant power. Alternative or opposition publications voice anti-establishment or countervailing views. Official papers, the third type, are sponsored by government agencies. Independent journals, the rarest form, are unallied to any special interest. The present work calls for a different organization. There are three main sections. Section I organizes the newspapers alphabetically by the title's first noun: for example, Aha Elele, Ka (The Convention), or Facho, O (The Torch), or Honolulu Advertiser, The. There are two exceptions. One is those Hawaiian language papers commonly referred to by the article preceding the noun, as in Ka Leo O Ka Lahui (The Voice of the Nation), or Na Pahu Kane (Sounding Drums). The other, for the same reason, is the Filipino language papers, as in Ti Silaw (The Light) and Ang Bantay (The Guardian). Titles with numbers as their first word are entered as they would be spelled out: for example, under F, 50th [Fiftieth] State Bowler. To aid readers, a number of titles in Section I and Section II are cross-listed. On the second line is the main category into which the paper fits, a slash (/) mark, and the language or languages in which it is printed. There are 29 categories: African American, Alternative, Chinese, Church, Cultural, Establishment, Filipino, Government, Hawaiian, Hispanic, Independent, Indonesian, Japanese, Jewish, Korean, Labor, Micronesian, Military, Plantation, Portuguese, Prison, Samoan, Schools, Sports, Tongan, Tourist, Underground, Vietnamese, and Unclassified. As to languages, there are 11: Chinese, English, Filipino, Hawaiian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Samoan, Spanish (Hispanic), Tongan, and Vietnamese. The third
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