Ph.D. Christiane Mazur Doi
2025
In this book, aiming to exercise the abilities of reasoning, calculating and interpreting, we analyze, in a didactic and detailed way, PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) questions. This exame is developed by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) for students aged 15 years old, when basic schooling ends in most countries. PISA, which takes place every three years, aims to evaluate the literacy of students in three areas: Reading, Mathematics and Science. The term literacy is used because this exam is not only based on curricular contents, but also on skills and competences related to the analysis and interpretation of contextualized utterances, to the use of logical reasoning for problem solving and to the efficient communication of ideas. With the intention of improving such skills, 60 questions were selected in this text, classified according to the demands of the following blocks: • performing basic calculation (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division); • reading and interpreting tables and graphs; • proposition, interpretation and application of mathematical formulas; • characterization and establishment of mathematical relationships in geometric pictures; • application of rules to solve problems; • use of probability topics and central tendency measures. • presentation of critical analysis of information. Thus, in this publication, written in simple and direct language, Mathematics, Science and Reading topics are explained with examples focused on daily situations and on subjects that are part of our lives. As a result, international examination questions, such as those of PISA, are no longer difficult, complicated or abstract. Each of the blocks presents a theoretical introduction approached through situations extracted from the everyday or by means of practical applications of definitions: the concepts are developed based on cases close to our reality. The issues are resolved in detail, as if there was an
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