Ph.D. Ph.D. Mehmet Ali Şimşek, Zeynep Arkan
2021
Time is a phenomenon interlinked with an act because an act must occur at a specific time. There are three foundational times in all languages. These are past, present, and future. The time of occurrence for a specific action is indicated in Arabic by the verb because it expresses the time of action. Verbs in Arabic get separated into three forms: the perfect, the imperfect, and the imperative, a version derived from the imperfect. The basis of the time system in Arabic is com-posed of these three forms. The perfect indicates the past, the imperfect indicates both the present and the future, and the imperative indicates the future time. These times ex-pressed by verbs are morphological times which the verbs provide inde-pendent of any context. Time can also be expressed with forms other than verbs. These forms are the active participle, the passive participle, the verbal noun, and the infini-tive. Time expressions of these forms occur when used within sentenc-es. This is called syntactical time. Syntactical time can only be understood by looking at the whole sentence. Because the factor that expresses the tense, here, is the fluency of the sentence and the context of it, rather than the forms used. When associated with syntactical time, the perfect can re-fer to present tense and future tense. The same goes for the imperfect as well, it may refer to the past tense. The time indicated by the verbs and the other forms -which act as verbs- can be inferred with the knowledge of their either linguistic or situational context. Prepositions especially provide for these tense changes that occur in sen-tences. For example, the imperfect verb used with لَـمْ and لَمَّا indicates the past tense, and the perfect verb used with the conditional preposition إِنْ refers to the future tense. The imperfect verb; except for لَـمْ and لَمَّا, when it comes as meczum or as mansup, refers to past tense, and refers to future tense when it gets used as merfu. Therefore, to understand the t
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