An English Homophone Dictionary Peter Suber, Philosophy Department, Earlham College A.L.P. Thorpe, Classics Department, Earlham College Homophones are words that are pronounced alike even if they differ in spelling, meaning, or origin, such as "pair" and "pear". Homophones may also be spelled alike, as in "bear" (the animal) and "bear" (to carry). But this list consists only of homophones that are not spelled alike. Homonym is a somewhat looser term than homophone, sometimes referring to all homophones and only homophones, and sometimes referring to the subset of homophones that are spelled alike. In the entries below, the members of each homophonic set are listed in alphabetical order. Each set is entered only once, at its alphabetically first member. There is no cross-reference unless the initial letters of the members differ. For example, the pair "knot, not" is listed under "knot". Under "not" one finds not (see knot) The diamond bullet indicates a cross-reference. But the pair "shear, sheer" is listed only under "shear" with no further cross-reference, because the members begin with the same letter. Occasionally we include a short definition of an unusual word to assure the reader that scribal error is not to blame for listing e.g. apatite or sics. We do include obsolete words when we know of them, such as dain in the pair, dain, deign. But we have made no systematic search for them, and there are undoubtedly very many not yet in our list. This list deliberately omits the following types of homophones. As noted above, we omit homophones that are spelled alike, e.g. bear, bear. When singular homophone nouns are also homophones in the plural, this is indicated in parentheses, e.g. ad (-s), add (-s), adze. Similarly, when homophone verbs remain homophones when inflected in the third person singular, this is indicated in parentheses, e.g. accept (-s), except (-s). The same indication is used when one member of the pair is a noun and the other is a verb, e.g. poor, pore (-s), pour (-s). These variations do not receive separate listings, nor are other inflected forms, such as -ed or -ing, listed at all. We omit proper nouns, e.g. Wales, whales; peat, Pete. We omit letters of the alphabet, e.g. t, tea, tee. We omit hyphenated compounds. Consequently there are two reasons to exclude the triple, fillip, fill-up, Phillip. We omit acronyms that have come to be pronounced as words, e.g. WACS in WACS, wacks, wax, whacks. We do not include pairs of words that, when pronounced together, sound like some other single word, e.g. a cord, accord. We stick to this rule even when the relation between a given pair and a given single word is not accidental, e.g. back ache, backache. We have included standard contractions, hence aisle, I'll, but not contrived contractions even if they could arise in conversation, such as eye'll (as in "My eye'll be on you"). We have omitted common mispronunciations even though, by their nature, they will be heard in conversation. This affects pairs such as taken, takin'. Words that often succeed other words are frequently pronounced as virtual suffixes. But even though oak and maple is pronounced oak'n maple, we did not let this justify including the pair oaken, oak'n. We omit spelling variations, e.g. analyse, analyze; curb, kerb; glamor, glamour; racket, racquet; theater, theatre. It is often a nice question, however, when a spelling variation has become a new word. Manikin is a spelling variation of mannequin; but the former now denotes a bird and the latter a clothing dummy. They are now distinct words, and are listed as homophones below. By contrast, Manakin is a spelling variation of manikin, with the same denotation; in our view it is not an independent word and is not listed below. Dialectal variation poses a serious problem. If we included all pairs that are pronounced alike by speakers of some English dialect, our job would never end. But the only alternatives seem to be to draw an arbitrary line, including only "major" dialects, or to include none as if there were a single "standard" pronunciation of English. Despite the drawbacks of the last-named course, we follow other dictionaries in adopting it. We use standard English pronunciation in the United States. Hence, with apologies to Brooklynites we omit coil, curl; with apologies to Yankees we omit part, pot; with apologies to Hoosiers we omit spatial, special; and with apologies to Southerners we omit lord, lowered. Some questionable cases, where even the "standard" pronunciation contains variation, are indicated by "(?)". We have attempted to keep such cases to a minimum. When the variation is produced by sloppiness rather than by dialect (a distinction difficult to maintain), e.g. bobbin, bobbing, odder, otter, wet, whet, then we have generally included them with the qualifying "(?)". Our criterion here is whether the pronunciation is commonly heard, not whether it is already recognized as a secondary, acceptable pronunciation in another dictionary. Occasionally dialectal variation produces what might be called "disjunctive homophones". Some people pronounce route so as to justify including the pair, route, rout. Others pronounce it so as to justify excluding that pair, and to justify including in its place the pair, route, root. Our solution was to include the qualified pairs root, route (?), and rout, route (?) . Despite the preceding rules, if a group of homophones already makes the list, then an "ineligible" member will be added in brackets. Hence we find wacks, wax, whacks [WACS] because the first three members qualify on their own; but we do not find whales [Wales] because without the ineligible term there is no independent listing. We welcome comments, additions, and corrections. We thank Marc Kamens, Gordon Schomberg, and John Williams for their contributions. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z These links will work only when the corresponding section of the file has loaded. You may have to wait a moment. A accede (-s), exceed (-s) (?) accept (-s), except (-s) (?) acclamation, acclimation ad (-s), add (-s), adze addition (-s), edition (-s) (?) ade (-s), aid (-s), aide (-s) adherence, adherents adolescence, adolescents aerie, airy affect (-s), effect (-s) (?) ail (-s), ale (-s) air (-s), are [metric unit] (-s), 'ere, e'er, err (-s) (?), heir (-s) aisle (-s), I'll, isle (-s) all, awl allowed, aloud allusive, elusive, illusive (?) altar (-s), alter (-s) amend (-s), emend (-s) analyst (-s), annalist (-s) ant (-s), aunt (-s) ante, anti, aunty apatite (-s) [phosphate], appetite (-s) appose (-s), oppose (-s) arc (-s), ark (-s) arrant, errant ascent (-s), assent (-s) assistance, assistants ate, eight attendance, attendants auger (-s), augur (-s) aught, ought aural, oral auricle (-s), oracle (-s) away, aweigh awful, offal aye (-s), eye (-s), I axes, axis axel (-s), axil (-s), axle (-s) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B bad, bade (?) bail (-s), bale (-s) bait (-s), bate (-s) baize, bays bald, balled, bawled ball (-s), bawl (-s) balm (-s), bomb (-s) band, banned bans, banns, bands (?) bard, barred bare (-s), bear (-s) bark (-s), barque (-s) baron, barren barrel, beryl base, bass based, baste bask, basque baud, bawd bay, bey bazaar, bizarre be, bee, [B] beach (-es), beech (-es) beat (-s), beet (-s) beau, bow been, bin (?) beer (-s), bier (-s) beetle, betel belligerence, belligerents bell (-s), belle (-s) berg, burg berger, burger, burgher bergle, burgle berry (-ies), bury (-ies) berth (-s), birth (-s) better, bettor bight (-s), bite (-s), byte (-s) billed, build bird, burd, burred blew, blue bloc, block boar (-s), bore (-s) board, bored boarder (-s), border (-s) bobbin, bobbing (?) bogey, bogie, bogy bold, bolled, bowled bode, bowed bolder, boulder bole (-s), boll (-s), bowl (-s) bootie, booty born, borne borough (-s), burro (-s), burrow (-s) bough (-s), bow (-s) bouillon, bullion boulder, bolder boy (-s), bouy (-s) braid, brayed braise (-s), brays, braze (-s) brake (-s), break (-s) breach (-es), breech (-es) bread, bred brewed, brood brews, bruise bridal, bridle broom (-s), brougham (-s) brr, burr build, billed burger (-s), burgher (-s) burro (-s), burrow (-s) bus (-es), buss (-es) bussed, bust but (-s), butt (-s) buy, by, bye A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z C cache, cash calendar (-s), calender (-s) call (-s), caul (-s), cawl (-s) callous, callus cam (-s), camb (-s) cane, cain cannon (-s), canon (-s) cant, can't canter (-s), cantor (-s) canvas (-es), canvass (-es) capital, capitol carat (-s), caret, carrot (-s) carie, carry carol (-s), carrel (-s), charol (-s) caries, carries caster, castor cast (-s), caste (-s) caudal, caudle cause, caws cede (-s), seed (-s) ceiling (-s), sealing (-s) cell (-s), sell (-s) cellar (-s), seller (-s) censer, censor, sensor census, senses cent, scent, sent cense, cents, scents, sense cereal (-s), serial (-s) cession, session chance, chants chard, charred chased, chaste cheap, cheep chews, choose chic, sheik choir (-s), quire (-s) choler, collar choral (-s), coral (-s) chorale (-s), corral (-s) chord (-s), cord (-s), cored chordate, cordate chronical, chronicle chute (-s), shoot (-s) cirrus, serous cite (-s), sight (-s), site (-s) cited, sighted, sited clack (-s), claque (-s) clause, claws click (-s), clique (-s) climb (-s), clime (-s) close, clothes (?) coal, kohl coarse, corse, course coat (-s), cote (-s) coax, cokes coffer (-s), cougher (-s) coin, quoin (-s) collard, collared colonel (-s), kernel (-s) competence, competents complacent, complaisant complacence, complaisance complement (-s,-ary), compliment (-s,-ary) conceded, conceited (?) conch (-s), conk (-s) concord, conquered (?) continence, continents coo (-s), coup (-s) coulee, coolie, coolly coop (-s), coupe (-s) cops, copse core, corps correspondence, correspondents cosher, kosher cosign (-s), cosine (-s) council (-s), counsel (-s) councillor (-s), counselor (-s) cousin (-s), cozen (-s) coward, cowered, cowherd (?) crape (-s), crepe (-s) creak (-s), creek (-s) crewel, cruel crews, cruise, cruse cubical, cubicle cue (-s), queue (-s), [Q] currant (-s), current (-s) cymbal (-s), symbol (-s) cygnet (-s), signet (-s) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z D dain, deign dam (-s), damn (-s) days, daze dean (-s), dene (-s) dear, deer deem (-s), deme (-s) dense, dents dependence, dependents depravation (-s), deprivation (-s) descent (-s), dissent (-s) (?) deviance, deviants devisor, divisor dew (-s), do, due (-s) dewed, dude djinn, gin die (-s), dye (-s) died, dyed dine, dyne dire, dyer disburse (-s), disperse (-s) discreet, discrete discussed, disgust dissidence, dissidents do ["re, mi"], doe, dough doer, dour does [f. deer], doze done, dun dos ["dos and don'ts"], dues dost, dust donjon, dungeon draft (-s), draught (-s) droop, drupe dual, duel ducked, duct A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z E earn (-s), erne (-s), urn (-s) eave (-s), eve (-s) effect (see affect) eight (see ate) elusive (see allusive) 'ere (see air) e'er (see air) err (see air) except (see accept) exceed (see accede) edition (see addition) eye (see aye) elicit, illicit elude (-s), allude (-s) eminent, immanent, imminent (?) epic (-s), epoch (-s) equivalence, equivalents errant (see arrant) erupt (-s), irrupt (-s) eruption, irruption ewe (-s), yew (-s), you ewes, use, yews exercise (-s), exorcise (-s) existence, existents extravagance, extravagants eye (see aye) eyelet (-s), islet (-s) eyed, I'd, ide A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z F facts, fax (?) fail, faille fain, fane, feign faint (-s), feint (-s) fair (-s), fare (-s) fairy, ferry faker (-s), fakir (-s) fate, fete faun, fawn fay, fey faze (-s), phase (-s) feat, feet fends, fens fern, firn ferule, ferrule feudal, futile (?) filter, philtre finally, finely (?) find, fined fir (-s), fur (?) fisher (-s), fissure (-s) flacks, flax flair (-s), flare (-s) flea (-s), flee (-s) flecks, flex flew, flu (-s), flue (-s) flocks, phlox floe (-s), flow (-s) flour (-s), flower (-s) foaled, fold for, fore, four forbear, forebear (?) forego (-s), forgo (-s) formally, formerly (?) forth, fourth foreword, forward foul (-s), fowl (-s) 'fraid, frayed franc, frank frees, freeze (-s), frieze (-s) friar, fryer fungous, fungus furs, furze fussed, fust A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z G gage, gauge gait (-s), gate (-s) gamble (-s), gambol (-s) gang, gangue gays, gaze gel (-s), jell (-s) gene (-s), jean (-s) gibe (-s), jibe (-s) gild, gilled, guild gilt, guilt gin (see djinn) glutenous, glutinous gnaw, naw gneiss, nice gnomic, nomic gnu (-s), knew, new (-s) goaled, gold gored, gourd gorilla, guerilla grate, great grisly, gristly (?), grizzly groan, grown grocer, grosser guarantee, guaranty guest, guessed guise, guys gyre, jire A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z H hail, hale hair (-s), hare (-s) hairy, harry hall, haul halve, have handsome, hansom hangar (-s), hanger (-s) hardy, hearty hairier, harrier hart (-s), heart (-s) hay, hey hays, haze heal (-s), heel (-s), he'll heed, heid hear, here heir (see air) heard, herd heroin, heroine (?) hertz, hurts hew (-s), hue (-s) hi, hie, high hide, hied higher, hire him, hymn ho, hoe hoar, whore hoard, horde, whored hoarse, horse hoes, hose hold, holed hole (-s), whole (-s) holey, holy, wholly hoop, whoop hostel, hostile hour (-s), our (-s) humerus, humorous hurdle, hurtle (?) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z I I (see aye) I'd (see eyed) ide (see eyed) idyl (-s), idyll (-s), idle (-s), idol (-s) ileum, ilium illicit (see elicit) illusive (see allusive) I'll (see aisle) immanent, imminent (see eminent) impassable, impassible impatience, impatiens in, inn incidence, incidents incite, insight (?) independence, independents indict (-s), indite (-s) indigence, indigents inequity, iniquity (?) instance, instants irrupt (see erupt) irruption (see eruption) isle (see aisle) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z J jalousie, jealousy (?) jam (-s), jamb (-s) jean (see gene) jell (see gell) jibe (see gibe) jire (see gyre) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z K kernel (see colonel) key (-s), quay (-s) knap, nap knave (-s), nave (-s) knead (-s), knee'd, need (-s) knew (see gnu) knick, nick knicks (obs. rare), nicks, nix knight (-s), night (-s) knit (-s), nit (-s) knock (-s), nock (-s) knot, not know, no, noh knows, noes, nose kohl (see coal) kosher (see cosher) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z L lac, lack lacks, lax ladder, latter lain, lane lair (-s), layer (-s) lam, lamb lama, llama laps, lapse lase, lays, laze, leis laser, lazar lea, lee leach, leech lead, led leader, lieder, liter leaf, lief leak (-s), leek (-s) lean (-s), lien (-s) leased, least lends, lens lessen, lesson lesser, lessor levee, levy liable, libel liar (-s), lyre (-s) lichen, liken licker, liquor lickerish, licorice lie (-s), lye (-s) lightening, lightning limb (-s), limn (-s) linch, lynch links, lynx literal, littoral (?) load (-s), lode (-s), lowed loan, lone locks, lox loop, loupe loot (-s), lute (-s) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z M macks, max made, maid mail (-s), male (-s) mall (-s), maul (-s) main, mane maize, mase, mays, maze mall, maul manikin, mannequin, [manakin] manner, manor mantle, mantel mare (-s), mayor (-s) marchal, marshal, martial marquee, marquis marten, martin maser, mazer mask, masque massed, mast mat, matte me, mi ["do, re"] mead, meed mean (-s), mein (-s) meat (-s), meet (-s), mete (-s) medal (-s), meddle (-s), metal (-s), mettle (-s) (?) men's, mends mewl, mule mews, muse mho, mow micks, mix middy, midi might, mite mil, mill millenary, millinery mince, mints mind, mined miner, minor minks, minx missal, missile missed, mist moan, mown moat (-s), mote (-s) mode, mowed mold (-s), mould (-s) mood, mooed moor, more moose, mousse mordant, mordent morn, mourn mortar, morter mucous, mucus muscle, mussel mussed, must mustard, mustered A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z N nap (see knap) naval, navel nave (see knave) naw (see gnaw) nay (-s), neigh (-s), nee need (see knead) new (see gnu) nice (see gneiss) nick (see knick) nicks (see knicks) night (see knight) nit (see knit) nix (see knicks) no (see know) nock (see knock) noes (see knows) nomic (see gnomic) none, nun nose (see knows) not (see knot) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z O o, oh, owe oar (-s), o'er, or, ore (-s) odder, otter (?) ode, owed ordinance, ordnance offal (see awful) oppose (see appose) oral (see aural) oracle (see auricle) ought (see aught) one, won our (see hour) overdo, overdue oversea (-s), oversee (-s) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z P paced, paste packed, pact paean (-s), peon (-s) pail (-s), pale (-s) pain (-s), pane (-s) pair (-s), pare (-s), payor (-s) (?), pear (-s), palate (-s), palette (-s), pallet (-s), pallette (-s) pall, pawl parish, perish parity, parody (?) passable, passible passed, past patience, patients pause, paws pea (-s, -se), pee (-s), [P] peace, piece peak (-s), peek (-s), pique (-s) peal (-s), peel (-s) pearl (-s), purl (-s) peas, pease, pees pect, pecked pedal (-s), peddle (-s) peer (-s), pier (-s) pence, pents pend, penned pends, pens pendence, pendants penitence, penitents per, purr petit, petty petrel, petrol phase (see faze) philter (see filter) phlox (see flocks) phosphorous, phosphorus pi, pie pica, pika picks, pix pidgin, pigeon pinion, pinon pistel, pistol place, plaice plain (-s), plane (-s) plait (-s), plate (-s) plantar (-s), planter (-s) pleas, please plough (-s), plow (-s) plum (-s), plumb (-s) pole (-s), poll (-s) policlinic, polyclinic politic (-s), politick (-s) poor, pore (-s), pour (-s) populace, populous pocks, pox praise, prays, preys pray (-s), prey (-s) precedence, precedents presence, presents pride, pried pries, prise, prize prince, prints prior, pryer principal (-s), principle (-s) profit (-s), prophet (-s) pros, prose psalter, salter pupal (-s), pupil (-s) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Q quarts, quartz quay (see key) quean (-s), queen (-s) queue (see cue) quince, quints quoin (see coin) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z R rabbet, rabbit rack, wrack rain (-s), reign (-s), rein (-s) raise (-s), rays, raze (-s) raiser, razor rancor, ranker rap (-s), wrap (-s) rapt, rapped, wrapped re ["do, re"], ray read, red read (-s), reed (-s) real, reel recede (-s), reseed (-s) receipt (-s), reseat (-s) reck, wreck reek (-s), wreak (-s) reference, referents rends, wrens residence, residents rest (-s), wrest (-s) retch (-es), wretch (-es) review (-s), revue (-s) rheum (-y), room (-y) rho, roe, row rhyme (-s), rime (-s) rigger, rigor right (-s), rite(-s), wright (-s), write(-s) righting, writing ring (-s), wring (-s) ringer (-s), wringer (-s) rise, ryes road, rode, rowed roomer, rumor roil, royal role (-s), roll (-s) rood, rude, rued root (-s), route (-s) (?) rose, rows rote, wrote rout (-s), route (-s) (?) rough, ruff rues, ruse rung, wrung rye, wry A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z S sac (-s), sack (-s), sax sachet, sashay sail (-s), sale (-s) salter (see psalter) sane, seine saver, savor scene, seen scent (see cent) scents, sense sea, see, [C] seam (-s), seem (-s) seaman, seamen, semen sear, seer, sere seas, sees, seize, [C's] season, seisin sects, sex (?) seed (see cede) sell (see cell) seller (see cellar) sealing (see ceiling) senses (see census) sensor (see censer) sent (see cent) sequence, sequents serf (-s), surf (-s) serge, surge serial (see cereal) serous (see cirrus) sew, so, sow sewn, sown shear, sheer sheik (see chic) shew (-s), shoe (-s), shoo (-s) shier, shyer, shire shone, shown shoot (see chute) sight (see cite) sighted (see cited) sic, sick sics ["sics a dog on one"], six side, sighed sigher, sire sighs, size sign (-s), sine (-s) signet (see cygnet) sink, sync site (see cite) sited (see cited) slay (-s), sleigh (-s) sleight (-s), slight (-s) slew, slough sloe, slow soar (-s), sore (-s) soared, sword sold, soled, souled sol, sole (-s), soul (-s) some, sum son (-s), sun (-s) sonny, sunny sordid, sorted (?) spade, spayed staff, staph staid, stayed stair (-s), stare (-s) stake (-s), steak (-s) statice (-s), status (-es) stationary, stationery steal (-s), steel (-s) step (-s), steppe (-s) stile (-s), style (-s) stoop (-s), stoup (-s) straight (-s), strait (-s) succor (-s), sucker (-s) suer, sewer summary, summery suite (-s), sweet (-s) sundae (-s), sunday (-s) surplice (-s), surplus (-s) symbol (see cymbal) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z T tacet, tacit tack, taque tacked, tact tacks, tax tale (-s), tail (-s) talesman, talisman taper (-s), tapir (-s) tare (-s), tear (-s) taupe, tope taught, taut tea, tee, ti ["do, re"], [T] teas, tease, tees team (-s), teem (-s) tear (-s), tier (-s) tends, tens tense, tents tern (-s), turn (-s) the, thee (?) their, there, they're threw, through throe (-s), throw (-s) throne, thrown thyme, time tic (-s), tick (-s) tide, tied tighten, titan timber, timbre to, too, two toad, toed, towed tocsin, toxin (-s) toad, toed, towed toe (-s), tow (-s) toke, toque told, tolled ton, tun (-s) tongue, tung (-s) tool, tulle tort, torte tracked, tract trader, traitor tray, trey troop (-s), troupe (-s) trussed, trust tucks, tux A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z U undo, undue urn (see earn) use (see ewes) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z V vale (-s), veil (-s) vain, vane (-s), vein (-s) valance, valence valiance, valiants variance, variants vary, very vellum, velum veracious, voracious (?) verses, versus vice, vise villain, villein virtu, virtue viscous, viscus vial, vile, viol A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z W wacks, wax, whacks [WACS] wade, weighed wail (-s), wale, whale (-s) wain, wane waist (-s), waste (-s) wait (-s), weight (-s) waive (-s), wave (-s) waiver (-s), waver (-s) walk (-s), wok (-s) ware, wear, where wart, wort war, wore ward, warred warn, worn way (-s), weigh (-s), whey we, wee weak, week weal, we'll, wheal, wheel weald, wheeled (?) wean, ween weather, wether, whether weave, we've we'd, weed weir, we're wet (-s), whet (-s) (?) which, witch (?) while, wile (?) whig (-s), wig (-s) (?) whine (-s), wine (-s) (?) whined, wind [the verb], wined (?) whirred, word (?) whit, wit (?) white, wight whither, wither (?) whole (see hole) wholly (see holy) whore (see hoar) whored (see hoard, horde) whose, who's whys, wise wield, wheeled won (see one) wood, would worst, wurst wrack (see rack) wrap (see rap) wrapped (see rapt) wreak (see reek) wreck (see reck) wrens (see rends) wrest (see rest) wretch (see retch) wright (see right) wring (see ring) wringer (see ringer) write (see right) writing (see righting) wrote (see rote) wry (see rye) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z X Y yew (see ewe) yews (see ewes) you (see ewe) yoke, yolk you'll, yule your, you're A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Peter Suber, Department of Philosophy, Earlham College A.L.P. Thorpe, Classics Department, Earlham College Copyright © 1998, Peter Suber, A.L.P. Thorpe.